Resource about Star Death

The stages in the evolution of a star are very complicated. All stars begin as gaseous pillows in a region of space called nebulae. Stars form in this nebulae when these gaseous materials come together to make a star that goes from 450 times smaller than the sun, a proto star, to 1000 times larger than the sun, a massive star. When the proto star starts to shine it is a sign that it is going through nuclear fusion, when hydrogen becomes helium.

When the star becomes too hot, the helium turns to carbon and the star starts to expand and becomes a red giant. The red giant starts to breakdown, which then turns into a planetary nebula. The core of the star is called a white dwarf until it dies and stops shining, then it is called a black dwarf.

The other kind of star called is a massive star, when a star is made with less hydrogen. As the massive star starts to lose hydrogen, it expands and becomes a super red giant. When this star explodes, the gases released called are supernovas. If the beginning star called was a massive, star the supernova turns into a neutron star, one smallest kind of stars. If the beginning star was a giant star then the supernova turns into a black hole. The stages of a star all depend on chance.

Spend sometime reading this

In brief what we know our Universe....now only the LHC can complete the explanation.

How did our universe come to be the way it is?

The Universe started with a Big Bang - but we do not fully understand how or why it developed the way it did. The LHC will let us see how matter behaved a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang. Researchers have some ideas of what to expect - but also expect the unexpected!

What kind of Universe do we live in?

Many physicists think the Universe has more dimensions than the four (space and time) we are aware of. Will the LHC bring us evidence of new dimensions?

Gravity does not fit comfortably into the current descriptions of forces used by physicists. It is also very much weaker than the other forces. One explanation for this may be that our Universe is part of a larger multi dimensional reality and that gravity can leak into other dimensions, making it appears weaker. The LHC may allow us to see evidence of these extra dimensions - for example, the production of mini-black holes which blink into and out of existence in a tiny fraction of a second

Death of a star

The stages in the evolution of a star are very complicated. All stars begin as gaseous pillows in a region of space called nebulae. Stars form in this nebulae when these gaseous materials come together to make a star that goes from 450 times smaller than the sun, a proto star, to 1000 times larger than the sun, a massive star. When the proto star starts to shine it is a sign that it is going through nuclear fusion, when hydrogen becomes helium.

When the star becomes too hot, the helium turns to carbon and the star starts to expand and becomes a red giant. The red giant starts to breakdown, which then turns into a planetary nebula. The core of the star is called a white dwarf until it dies and stops shining, then it is called a black dwarf.

The other kind of star called is a massive star, when a star is made with less hydrogen. As the massive star starts to lose hydrogen, it expands and becomes a super red giant. When this star explodes, the gases released called are supernovas. If the beginning star called was a massive, star the supernova turns into a neutron star, one smallest kind of stars. If the beginning star was a giant star then the supernova turns into a black hole. The stages of a star all depend on chance.

Universe Views

We know our biological limitations because we have come up with some devises which have the grater capabilities than our senses. This is still not true with math and physics. These two are just developed based on human brain's ability to interpret the natural phenomena. Till date we do not have any machine which can over perform the human brain in math and physics(someday artificial intelligence might do that), so there is really no way to judge whether the math or physics we do is correct or not. Our math and physics are based on certain unproved assumptions which are based on the way human brain interprets these phenomena, so we cannot be 100% sure that the math and physics we do is correct or not

Anti matters

I think even scientists are not sure about anything concerning antimatter. They say that there is a universe made of antimatter and there is humans made of antimatter in that universe. If antimatter and matter are present in equal in amount in our universe scientist can find only a few antimatters in our universe so they say while the big bang there is a lot of matters have been created than the antimatter and they annihilate with each other and the remaining matter is what the universe is made of! You know there is no antimatter and matter inside the hot ball of big bang!

Scientific morality

Modern critics suggest that Scientists should take moral responsibility for their own advances in science. This corresponds with a perceived inability for moral values to keep pace with scientific progress, cloning being a prime example.

For discussion:

1) At what point is a scientist responsible for his discoveries. In theory the first major step towards the nuclear bomb was Rutherford’s nuclear theory, is he responsible for the ensuing arms race? in a science based on incremental steps, who, if anyone is responsible for scientific progress.

2) If Science is responsible for moral values associated with scientific progress, should politicians be allowed to play with scientific advances through legislation and funding?

3) If a scientific area is found to be morally objectionable by one society, are it better for that society to make the greatest advances in that science so as to control its direction rather than banning it and allowing a society without such objections to move ahead without such restraints.

Back to the Past

From this Einstein proved that space and time are two aspects of the same thing and that matter and energy are also two aspects of the same thing. From the second of these concepts we get the most famous equation in physics

E = mc2

Now since time and space are aspects of space-time and we wish to travel through time and not build atom bombs we will leave E=mc^2 for the moment. To illustrate this, look at the extension of Pythagorean theorem for the distance, d, between two points in space:

d2 = x2 + y2 + z2

Where x, y and z are the lengths, or more correctly the difference in the co-ordinates, in each of the three spatial directions. This distance remains constant for fixed displacements of the origin.

In Einstein's relativity the same equation is modified to remain constant with respect to displacement (and rotation), but not with respect to motion. For a moving object, at least one length from which the distance, d, is calculated is contracted relative to a stationary observer. The equation now becomes:

d2 = x2 + y2 + z2 (1-v2/c2)1/2

And this infers that the distances all shrink as one moves faster, so does this mean there are no constant distances left in the universe? The answer is that there are because of Einstein's revolutionary concept of space-time where time is distance and distances are time! So now

s2 = x2 + y2 + z2 - ct2

And this new distance s (remember s stands for Space-time) does indeed remain constant for all who are in relative motion. This distance is said to be a Lorentz transformation invariant and has the same value for all inertial observers. Since the equation mixes time and space up we have to think always in terms of this new concept: space-time! This means that time is not constant and that by simply increasing the velocity (to close to the speed of light for it to have an affect) significant time dilation effects can